nce of any separate class of being. Therefore let these be dismissed, and let us consider the causes and the principles of being itself, qua being. (It was clear in our discussion of the various meanings of terms, that ‘being’ has several meanings.)
Book VII
THERE are several senses in which a thing may be said to ‘be’, as we pointed out previously in our book on the various senses of words;’ for in one sense the ‘being’ meant is ‘what a thing is’ or a ‘this’, and in another sense it means a quality or quantity or one of the other things that are predicated as these are. While ‘being’ has all these senses,PJS Herreklær Gobi Dunjakker, obviously that which ‘is’ primarily is the ‘what’,Maillot Hummels Pas Cher, which indicates the substance of the thing. For when we say of what quality a thing is,Albanie Pas Cher, we say that it is good or bad, not that it is three cubits long or that it is a man; but when we say what it is,Dame Moncler Hermine Norge Salg, we do not say ‘white’ or ‘hot’ or ‘three cubits long’,Maillot Azpilicueta Pas Cher, but ‘a man’ or ‘a ‘god’. And all other things are said to be because they are,Ralph Lauren Strip Polo, some of them,Menn Moncler Bresle, quantities of that which is in this primary sense, others qualities of it, others affections of it, and others some other determination of it. And so one might even raise the question whether the words ‘to walk’, ‘to be healthy’, ‘to sit’ imply that each of these things is existent,Chaussures New Balance H754, and similarly in any other case of this sort; for none of them is either self-subsistent or capable of being separated from substance, but rather, if anything, it is that which walks or sits or is healthy that is an existent thing. Now these are seen to be more real because there is something definite which underlies them (i.e. the substance or individual), which is implied in such a predicate; for we never use the word ‘good’ or ‘sitting’ without implying this. Clearly then it is in virtue of this category that each of the others also is. Therefore that which is primarily, i.e. not in a qualified sense but without qualification, must be substance.
Now there are several senses in which a thing is said to be first; yet substance is first in every sense-(1) in definition,Canada Goose Dame, (2) in order of knowledge,Maillot Fellaini Pas Cher, (3) in time. For (3) of the other categories none can exist independently, but only substance. And (1) in definition also this is first; for in the definition of each term the definition of its substance must be present. And (2) we think we know each thing most fully, when we know what it is, e.g. what man is or what fire is,CG Dame Hybridge Jakke Norge Salg, rather than when we know its quality,Chaussures Nike Air Zoom Homme, its quantity, or its place; since we know each of these predicates also, only when we know what the quantity or the quality is.
And indeed the question which was raised of old and is raised now and always, and is always the subject of doubt, viz. what being is, is just the question, what is substance? For it is this that some assert to be one, others more than one, and that some assert to be limited in number, others unlimited. And so we also must consider chiefly and primarily and almost exclusively what that
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